Using Phylogenetic Networks to Model Chinese Dialect History*

The idea that language history is best visualized by a branching tree has been controversially discussed in the linguistic world andmany alternative theories have been proposed. The reluctance of many scholars to accept the tree as the natural metaphor for language history was due to conflicting signals in linguistic data: many resemblances would simply not point to a unique tree. Despite these observations, the majority of automatic approaches applied to language data has been based on the tree model, * First published in SørenWichmann and Jeff Good (eds.). 2014.Quantifying LanguageDynamics: On the Cutting Edge of Areal and Phylogenetic Linguistics, 125–154. Leiden: Brill. using phylogenetic networks to model chinese dialect history 223 Language Dynamics and Change 4 (2014) 222–252 while network approaches have rarely been applied. Due to the specific sociolinguistic situation in China, where very divergent varieties have been developing under the roof of a common culture and writing system, the history of the Chinese dialects is complex and intertwined. They are therefore a good test case for methods which no longer take the family tree as their primary model. Here we use a network approach to study the lexical history of 40 Chinese dialects. In contrast to previous approaches, our method is character-based and captures both vertical and horizontal aspects of language history. According to our results, themajority of characters in our data (about 54%) cannot be readily explained with the help of a given tree model. The borrowing events inferred by our method do not only reflect general uncertainties of Chinese dialect classification, they also reveal the strong influence of the standard language on Chinese dialect history.